PanSTARRS and M31

Deep sky and shallow sky. Just before dawn on April 4th, S&T's Sean Walker took this image of Comet PanSTARRS passing 2.4° from M31, the Andromeda Galaxy. The galaxy is 2.5 million light-years away; the comet was 11 light-minutes away. Shooting from latitude 43° north in New Hampshire, Walker stacked 12 minutes of exposures (11 x 70 seconds) taken with a 180-mm lens at f/4 on a Canon 1000D camera at ISO 800. Click for larger view.

S&T: Sean Walker

Comet PanSTARRS is entering dark skies for observers in the latitudes of the northern U.S., Canada, and much of Europe, though it's fading as it moves away from both Sun and Earth.

In the first week of April the comet is still near the Andromeda Galaxy, M31, giving astrophotographers at northerly locations a unique opportunity. The image above was taken on the morning of April 4th, when the comet was closest to the galaxy. By the evening of April 9th their separation will be back up to 6°.

The comet is now higher before dawn (low in the northeast) than it is after dusk (low in the northwest). Either way, the farther north of 40° latitude you are the better. See article.

Jupiter is on its way to passing directly above Aldebaran and the Hyades. (The blue 10° scale is about the width of your fist at arm's length.)

Sky & Telescope


Friday, April 5

  • The huge, bright Winter Hexagon is still in view after dark, filling the sky to the southwest and west. Start with bright Sirius in the southwest. It marks the Hexagon's lower left corner. High above Sirius is Procyon. From there, look upper right to Pollux and Castor, lower right from Castor to Menkalinen and Capella, lower left to Aldebaran (with brighter Jupiter hogging the limelight near it!), lower left to Rigel at the bottom of Orion, and back to Sirius.

    Saturday, April 6

  • Look for Arcturus, the "Spring Star," shining brightly low in the east-northeast in twilight and higher in the east after dark. The constellation Bootes extends to its left. High to Arcturus's upper left is the Big Dipper.

    Sunday, April 7

  • From bright Arcturus in the east, look lower right by about three fists at arm's length for Spica and, lower down as evening grows late, Saturn. To the right of Spica by a little more than a fist is the four-star quadrilateral of Corvus, the Crow.

    Monday, April 8

  • As spring advances, wintry Orion tilts farther over as it declines in the west-southwest after dark. Orion's Belt in its middle is now almost horizontal. Orion is brightly framed on its right by Jupiter and on its left by Sirius.

    Tuesday, April 9

  • The upright Sickle of Leo, with Regulus on the bottom of its handle, crosses the meridian high in the south these evenings. It's shaped like a backward question mark, and it stands about 1½ fist-widths tall.

    Wednesday, April 10

  • By 10 p.m. or later (depending on where you live), the bright "Summer Star" Vega is rising in the northeast, beginning a long evening apparition that will continue for the rest of the year.
  • New Moon (exact at 5:35 a.m. EDT).

    Evening view

    Near the middle of April, the evening crescent Moon waxes past the descending Jupiter family. (These scenes are drawn for the middle of North America. European observers: move each Moon symbol a quarter of the way toward the one for the previous date. For clarity, the Moon is shown three times actual size.)

    Sky & Telescope diagram


    Thursday, April 11

  • Jupiter's moon Io reappears out of eclipse from Jupiter's shadow around 10:23 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time. Europa emerges from Jupiter's shadow around 10:11 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time. Both reappear just east of the planet.

    Friday, April 12

  • As twilight fades this evening, look far lower right of Jupiter for the crescent Moon, and then less far above the Moon for the Pleiades emerging into view – as shown at right.

    Saturday, April 13

  • The thin crescent Moon floats between Aldebaran and the Pleiades in the west as twilight fades, with Jupiter above it.

    Want to become a better amateur astronomer? Learn your way around the constellations. They're the key to locating everything fainter and deeper to hunt with binoculars or a telescope.

    For an easy-to-use constellation guide covering the whole evening sky, use the big monthly map in the center of each issue of Sky & Telescope, the essential guide to astronomy. Or download our free Getting Started in Astronomy booklet (which only has bimonthly maps).

    Pocket Sky Atlas

    The Pocket Sky Atlas plots 30,796 stars to magnitude 7.6 — which may sound like a lot, but that's less than one star in an entire telescopic field of view, on average. By comparison, Sky Atlas 2000.0 plots 81,312 stars to magnitude 8.5, typically one or two stars per telescopic field. Both atlases include many hundreds of deep-sky targets — galaxies, star clusters, and nebulae — to hunt among the stars.

    Sky & Telescope


    Once you get a telescope, to put it to good use you'll need a detailed, large-scale sky atlas (set of charts). The standards are the little Pocket Sky Atlas, which shows stars to magnitude 7.6; the larger and deeper Sky Atlas 2000.0 (stars to magnitude 8.5); and the even larger Uranometria 2000.0 (stars to magnitude 9.75). And read how to use sky charts with a telescope.

    You'll also want a good deep-sky guidebook, such as Sue French's Deep-Sky Wonders collection (which includes its own charts), Sky Atlas 2000.0 Companion by Strong and Sinnott, the bigger Night Sky Observer's Guide by Kepple and Sanner, or the beloved if dated Burnham's Celestial Handbook.

    Can a computerized telescope replace charts? Not for beginners, I don't think, and not on mounts and tripods that are less than top-quality mechanically (able to point with better than 0.2° repeatability). As Terence Dickinson and Alan Dyer say in their invaluable Backyard Astronomer's Guide, "A full appreciation of the universe cannot come without developing the skills to find things in the sky and understanding how the sky works. This knowledge comes only by spending time under the stars with star maps in hand."

    This Week's Planet Roundup

    Mercury (magnitude 0) is having a poor apparition very low in the dawn. Look for it just above the east horizon about 30 minutes before sunrise.

    Venus and Mars remain hidden in the glare of the Sun.

    Jupiter on April 4, 2013

    Jupiter's orange Oval BA was near the central meridian when Christopher Go took this image on April 4th. (The System II longitude on the central meridian was 115°.) Three dark-rimmed white ovals follow behind it. Far below it here in the North Equatorial Belt, note the small, bright white weather outbreak. South is up.

    Christopher Go


    Jupiter (magnitude –2.1, in Taurus) comes into view high in the west after sunset and descends through the evening. Lower left of Jupiter is fainter orange Aldebaran. Farther to Jupiter's lower right are the Pleiades. In a telescope, Jupiter has shrunk to 35 arcseconds wide.

    Saturn (magnitude +0.2, in Libra) now rises in the east-southeast around the end of twilight. Look for it well to the lower left of Spica, and farther to the lower right of brighter Arcturus. Saturn shines highest in the south around 2 a.m. daylight saving time — more or less between Spica to its right, and Delta Scorpii (and then Antares) farther to its lower left. Saturn reaches opposition on the night of April 27th.

    Uranus and Neptune are out of sight in the dawn.

    All descriptions that relate to your horizon — including the words up, down, right, and left — are written for the world's mid-northern latitudes. Descriptions that also depend on longitude (mainly Moon positions) are for North America. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) equals Universal Time (also known as UT, UTC, or GMT) minus 4 hours.

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    • About Alan MacRobert

    Alan M. MacRobert became an avid Sky & Telescope subscriber in 1966 at age 14, joined the editorial staff in 1982, and is now a senior contributing editor, semi-retired. He played a role in practically every part of the magazine and the company's other products for more than a generation, both on the amateur-observing side and the science-reporting side. In 1994 a book collection of his observing how-tos and telescopic sky tours was published as Star Hopping for Backyard Astronomers. He has produced This Week's Sky at a Glance online every week since 1989.

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