Behold Mars! The Best View Until 2035

Cosmic cycles have conspired to provide a series of seasonal spectacles during 2020 — spring's Venus apparition, Comet NEOWISE this summer, the reliable eyes of Jupiter and Saturn on summer and fall nights — and now the best Mars apparition until September 2035. Mars is at its closest to Earth today, October 6th, and at opposition on October 13th.

Like you, I've watched with mounting excitement as the Red Planet has inched into the evening sky, growing ever larger and brighter. Views through the telescope the past few months have become increasingly more satisfying as the South Polar Cap (SPC) shrinks and familiar features like Syrtis Major and Sinus Meridiani become more prominent. One of the joys of telescopic Mars-gazing is following the planet's seasonal changes, which sometimes include nail-biting dust storms.

Best View of Mars

Fortunately, no major dust storms have significantly obscured these or any other surface features to date. The 2018 perihelic apparition was a wash for many telescopic observers, maligned by a planet-encircling dust storm that kicked up just before opposition. Mars also spent the season low in the southern sky at declination –25° boiling away in poor seeing typical at low altitudes. Not this time around. The planet stands more than 30° higher in the sky than it did two years ago with an apparent diameter of 22.6″, just 1.8″ smaller than in 2018. The current apparition's about as perfect as it gets.

On October 6th Mars and Earth will pull closest at just 62,070,492 kilometers (around 38.5 million miles) apart. Opposition occurs one week later on the 13th, but they'll be farther apart then — Mars reached perihelion in August and has been moving away from the Sun (and Earth) since. October 6th is a sweet spot or balance point between proximity to the Earth and increasing distance from the Sun.

What Side Are You Seeing?

Before you embark on your Martian journey it's helpful to know what side you're facing. Latitude and longitude specify the location of features on Mars just like they do on Earth. Use Sky & Telescope's Mars Profiler or NASA's Solar System Simulator to find out what part of Mars is centered in your direction.

You can also download the free PC program Meridian which lists the longitude of the central meridian (CM) for for Mars and the four other classical planets. The CM is an imaginary line that runs from pole to pole across the center of the disk. Good views of a selected feature can be had for up to 4 hours centered on its CM passage.

One of my favorite aspects of observing Mars is watching the planet rotate "backwards" on successive nights. Mars rotates from (celestial) east to west like the other planets, but because it spins once every 24.6 hours — similar to but not quite matching Earth's period — surface features slowly drift 9.5° in longitude to the celestial east each night. So if Sinus Meridiani crosses the CM at 9 p.m. on a particular night, the next night at the same time it will appear 9.5° farther east. Going forward 41 days, it will cross the CM at 9 p.m. again.

Let's Explore Mars!

I find it to best to observe Mars at every opportunity to catch as may nights of good seeing as possible. Even a small 3-inch refractor at 75× will show the planet's pink-orange disk and hints of surface markings, also known as albedo features. One of the most arresting sights is the South Polar Cap (SPC). Because southern hemisphere summer began on September 3rd, already much of the frozen CO₂ topping the SPC has sublimed away, exposing the permanent water ice cap to view. In October, it's narrowed and now requires 150× or more to see clearly.

Surface Smudges

At the opposite end of the Martian globe where it's winter, the North Polar Hood, an expansive cap of clouds shrouding the North Polar Cap (out of view), is now plainly visible as a bluish-white haze fringing the bottom limb of the planet.

Most of these features and the ones described below are visible through a 6-inch or larger telescope at moderate to high magnification (100× to 300×). The more often you observe Mars the easier they become to recognize. If mediocre seeing presents a challenge, apply a filter. A red Wratten 23A or 25 will give albedo markings a nice kick in contrast. For atmospherics like limb hazes and clouds try a blue Wratten 80A. Filters will also help tame the planet's glare and reduce eye fatigue. While dark surface features undergo changes in appearance due to scouring winds and seasonal dust deposition, their broad outlines have remained much the same for decades.

The eastern hemisphere is dominated by thumb-shaped Syrtis Major and the twin, dark arcs of Mare Serpentis and Mare Tyrrhenum that branch off to either side and frame the Hellas impact basin. Moving west, look for the bright gap Hesperia that separates Mare Tyrrhenum from the dark ribbon of Mare Cimmerium. Under close inspection in excellent seeing you might catch a glimpse of Gomer Sinus, a pair of dark prongs poking out from the mare's eastern end.

West of Cimmerium we arrive at the planet's relatively featureless hemisphere, home to Mare Sirenum and the enormous and presently extinct volcano Olympus Mons. Under the best conditions with high magnification you might catch a glimpse of it when air moving past the mountain rises, cools, and condenses to form a mass of orographic clouds that increases its visibility. Look for a pale, white spot in the desert orange.

Mare Sirenum drops us off at Solis Lacus (Lake of the Sun), a grayish, circular patch framed by paler Thaumasia. Things get busy as we continue west starting with the dark and mottled Mare Erythraeum from which two "paws" extend: Aurorae Sinus and Margaritifer Sinus. The latter neatly blends with Oxia Palus to the north to create a paler version of Syrtis Major. In excellent seeing be sure to look for a narrow, dark projection extending due east of Aurorae Sinus. Dubbed Tithonius Lacus it's none other than part of the Valles Marineris, the largest canyon in the solar system.

North of the entire complex look for the dark block of Mare Acidalium and its two extensions: Niliacus Lacus to the northwest and Idaeus Fons to the northeast. Acidalium is easy to spot at 100×; higher power will help you pick out the other two.

We wrap up our planetary circle tour at the 0° meridian which gives its name to Sinus Meridiani, a prominent dark tennis ball at the end of Sinus Sabeus. Together they remind me of a ball launcher pet owners use in dog parks. Both stand out boldly against the bright desert terrain of Moab and Arabia.

See Mars: Atmosphere, Dust Storms, and Moons

Besides the SPC and NPH watch for limb hazes created by dust and dry ice crystals that scatter light high in the Martian atmosphere. Morning clouds form at the (celestial) east limb, evening clouds at the west limb. Since it's southern hemisphere summer keep an eye out for dust storms, too. Favored locales include Chryse, located between Margaritifer Sinus and Niliacus Lacus, and the region due south of Sinus Meridiani. If a feature that was apparent one night appears altered or "erased" the next time you look, suspect a storm. A yellow (Wratten #8) filter will enhance the view.

Every close opposition I seek out the planet's two tiny moons, Deimos and Phobos. This apparition they glow at magnitudes 11.8 and 10.7, respectively, and would be easy to see in smaller telescope were it not for the overwhelming brilliance of Mars. You can find them two ways: Keep Mars out of the field of view or hide the planet behind an occulting bar, a tinsel-width strip of aluminum taped inside your eyepiece. To make one, follow these instructions.

While Deimos is fainter than Phobos it orbits farther from the planet, which makes it easier to see. During the current opposition , Deimos is about 67″ from Mars, while Phobos is just 20″. Most planetarium-style software programs such as Stellarium will show the moons' current positions, but you can also use the online Martian Moon Tracker.

Mars is the only planet in the solar system with readily visible surface features, so I encourage you to get intimately acquainted with this red orb fraught with possibility and change. Happy trails!

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